Public Administration Vs. Government - 1461 Words

Trust in government is one of the major concerns in modern social sciences research. It is addressed in the literatures of political science, public administration, law, philosophy, counseling and psychology, economics, organization theory, management, and others. The literature often documents a positive correlation between citizens’ trust in government and the government’s performance (Feldman, 1983). What is less clear is the nature of any causal relationship (Bjà ¸rnskov, 2007). Some assert the more intuitive notion that citizens trust more in their government if and when they deem that the government institutions are delivering required services and fulfilling the policy agendas (Chanley, Rudolph and Rahn, 2000). On the other hand, trust also can be seen as the cause of better government performance as the citizens may think the people running the government would not do anything illegitimate and beyond the rules (Uslaner, 2002). That is why researchers are still trying to figure out whether the trust is cause or consequence (Bjà ¸rnskov, 2007 2010). It implies that the mystery of citizens’ trust in government still to be solved based on scholarly agreement. Moreover, citizens’ trust in government in developing countries are mostly studied by focusing on national government setting instead of local government. Studies like Booth and Seligson (2009), Gupta (2005), Bellina, Darbon, Eriksen, and Sending (2009), Papagianni (2008) and Reno (1995) have indicated that inShow MoreRelatedCivil Liberties And Civil Rights1081 Words   |  5 Pages1 McGahey 3 Megan McGahey Sherry Sharifian GOVT 2305 71430 20 September 2017 Civil Liberties vs. Civil Rights In the U.S. most use the terms Civil Liberties and Civil Rights interchangeably; although they both protect the freedom of citizens they do this in different ways. 2 Civil Liberties are limitations placed on the government. These are things the government is restricted to do, by the constitution. Things that could interfere with personal freedom. 3 For example, the 1st amendment says thatRead MoreApplication Of An Software For Soft Ware Essay1286 Words   |  6 Pagesrequired for the development of soft-ware. A technical document will be prepared and sent for evaluation to the certified soft-ware professional to check the accuracy and feasibility of the software solution. The similar software will be procured through public procurement, and users will be tested on the platform, which are going to avail and offer the services. Then they will be inter-viewed again to know their viewpoints on the platform. The biggest challenge for us is to examine their satisfaction levelRead MoreEssay about The Social Security Program 1401 Words   |  6 Pages(United States Government, 2014). As actuaries, policy makers, and the public are faced with the dilemma of a social security program which will be unable to meet its needs by 2038, the solution appears to be clouded by ideological, demographic, partisanship, market performance and fiscal viability (Svihula, 2008). Through supporting evidence and inference it will be clear that privatization opens issues of risk, which are overwhelming in comparison to the structural issues of a government run socialRead MoreThe Fundamental Principle Behind The Evaluation Of Tax Policy As Described By Economists George Break And Joseph Pechman1048 Words   |  5 Pagesto another and to do so in ways that do not jeopardize, and may even facilitate, the attainment if other economic goals† (Mikesell, 2010, p. 343). This means tax policy is about minimizin g economic or social harm – a damage control. Therefore, as public servants we must thoroughly evaluate any changes to tax policy and let the criteria guide our decisions. The tax evaluation standards that most economists agree on are the following: equity, efficiency, adequacy/elasticity/stability, collectabilityRead MoreThe Security Of Our Nation1359 Words   |  6 Pagesorder to obtain an unlimited protection against any rivals, without breaking into the individual’s privacy. Although there may be an issue; if society has a 100 percent privacy, it is really hard for governments to give people an excellent security. In an increasingly worldwide society, the government and its community struggle to find the proper balance between security and civil liberties, regardless the fact that privacy is an absolute necessity in a developed society like ours today. As a matterRead MoreLife Blood Doctrine963 Words   |  4 Pagesnation †¢ Without revenue raised from taxation, the government will not survive, resulting in detriment to society. Without taxes, the government would be paralyzed for lack of motive power to activate and operate it. (CIR vs. ALGUE) †¢ Taxes are the lifeblood of the government and there prompt and certain availability is an imperious need. †¢ Taxes are the lifeblood of the nation through which the agencies of the government continue to operate and with which the state effectsRead More The Evolution of Public Administration in American Society Essay1392 Words   |  6 PagesPublic administration as a field of study and as a practice has continually evolved with American society. The United States has survived and thrived through major cultural shifts, varying degrees of economic climates, and both civil and world wars. Through out all these changes in our country, one thing has always remained the same, the fact that we are an ever evolving and always changing nation. Theories and forms of practice of public administration have also evolved parallel with the historyRead MoreThe Changing American Culture Essay1324 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferences in the administrations and policies of Barack Obama and Ronald Reagan, show the radical changes that have occurred in American culture over the last generation. Unlike many previous presidents, Ronald Reagan viewed government and regulation as the source of our economic problems and not the solution. According to Peter Ferrara in â€Å"Reaganomics vs Obamanomics† Ronald Reagan said in his speech during his first inauguration â€Å" In this present crisis government is not the solutionRead MoreSeparation Of Powers : A Principle Of The U.s. Government1528 Words   |  7 PagesSaldana Government 2305 Summer II August 6 2015 Separation of Powers Separation of powers is a principle of the U.S. government, where powers and responsibilities are divided by the legislative branch, executive branch, and judicial branch. Each branch may choose to prevent action of the other branches through the system of checks and balances. The framers of the Constitution designed this system to make sure that no branch would gain too much power and that issues of public policyRead MoreThe Four Pillars Of Public Administration767 Words   |  4 PagesThe four pillars of Public Administration or better known as, â€Å"E’s of Great Governance,† are a way of balancing public administration’s actions throughout society. In this attempt of keeping all four pillars equal, it allows us in public administration to make decisions best for the common good. Throughout the time in administration, officials have struggled to balance them all correctly, because one must make trade off’s in times of crisis or conflict which may not b e a balanced decision. Although

Essay on Napoleon at Waterloo - 1452 Words

On March 20, 1815 Napoleon returned to Paris from his exile on the island of Elba. This day marked the beginning of â€Å"Napoleon’s 100 Days†, as many historians have dubbed the brief episode , which ended July 8, 1815 when Louis XVIII was reinstated as the King of France. Within a period of two months Napoleon, capitalizing on France’s enormous population, conscripted an army roughly 280,000 strong . Napoleon Bonaparte’s forces exceeded those of the Anglo-Allied forces, led by the Duke of Wellington, Field Marshall Blucher, and the Prince of Orange, by 50,000 men. The advantage in numbers and Napoleon’s gift for military strategy would not be enough to prevent his loss at the Battle of Waterloo and his second exile to St. Helena . The would†¦show more content†¦The French forces were incapable of accomplishing these feats due to poor communications with Ney, Ney’s indecisiveness, and the tenacity of the Prussians and Dutch. The Ang lo-Allied forces took a more defensive approach in their strategy to oust Napoleon from a complete return to power. The Duke of Wellington, also known as the â€Å"Iron Duke† , kept a defensive and slow-paced approach to his confrontation with Napoleon. The â€Å"Iron Duke† repeatedly avoided confronting Napoleon’s forces directly by refusing to give up the high ground, and not speeding to the Allied forces aid. This is clearly noted in dispatches from Wellington on the June 15, 1815 which state, â€Å"The Prince of Orange is requested to collect at Nivelles†¦ move the 3rd division of British infantry upon Nivelles†¦ This movement is not to take place until it is quite certain that the enemy’s attack is upon the right of the Prussian army†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Wellington also used an ambush method of attacking the French forces, which Napoleon had never experienced such tactics as Wellington practiced them in Spain . Prince William of Orange and his Dutch/Belgian forces were fortified at the Quatre Bras when Marshall Ney attempted to take the crossroads. This defensive posture and Ney’s slow approach on the Quatre Bras allowed Prince William of Orange to fight the numerous French troops to a draw until the arrival of reinforcements . Ney’s inability to crush the opposition allowed the Dutch/Belgians reinforced with BritishShow MoreRelatedEssay on Napoleon at Waterloo819 Words   |  4 Pagesbattle of Waterloo is universally associated with the last stand of Napoleon. It is (for all intents and purposes) the most significant blow to Napoleons final attempt at a return to power, Napoleons loss sealed his fate and consequently lost his empire (once and for all). However was it truly Napoleon’s faults that resulted in the loss at Waterloo? Or as many have stated was it more accurately Marshal Ney’s inability to follow Napoleons orders and command his troops in a custom that Napoleon not onlyRead MoreThe Consequences of The Battle of Waterloo for Napoleon Bonapartes Reputation1373 Words   |  5 PagesThe Battle of Waterloo was a bloody and gruesome battle for everyone involved. Perhaps one of the worst consequences of the battle, however, was that it tarnished the reputation of Napoleon Bonaparte. Napoleon, who was at one time, regarded as a tactical genius and prodigy for his day, became the laughing stock of the world after a number of foolish military mistakes that probably would not have been made if the French forces been commanded by another military leader. Nevertheless, the Battle ofRead MoreThe Battles And Disadvantages Of The Battle Of Waterloo1471 Words   |  6 Pages3. The Battle of Waterloo The defeat of Napoleon during the Battle of Waterloo was the result of many disadvantages, such as weather, topography, and the arrival of Prussian reinforcements to aid the British army. Additionally, Napoleon left his best general, Davout, in Paris instead of using his expertise in battle, and instead, appointed inadequate generals, such as Michel Ney. Most of Sun Tzu’s principles that Napoleon considered for the Battle of Austerlitz were used against him by WellingtonRead MoreThe Battle Of The French Revolution1569 Words   |  7 PagesTHE BATTLE OF WATERLOO Introduction On June 18, 1815, the last battle of Napoleon Bonaparte called The Battle of Waterloo took place in Belgium. Napoleon lived from 1769-1821. He was the French military leader and emperor. Through his ingenious military tactics, he took over much of mainland Europe in the early 19th century. The French Revolution (1789-1799) was a time of unrest. Napoleon took advantage of the unrest and was able to progress up through the ranks of the French army. AtRead MoreEssay about The Battle of Waterloo1151 Words   |  5 PagesThe Battle of Waterloo is one of the most famous battles in European history. The battle itself started when Napoleon escaped from Elba and returned to France. The battle was fought at Waterloo (Spielvogel 600). The battle was fought between the French army and their allied forces, which consisted of the Dutch, Prussians, Germans, Belgians, and British. Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte was in control of the French Grande Armà ©e (The Battle of Waterloo 1). The Duke of Wellington, of Britain, and GeneralRead MoreThe Battle Of Waterloo By Victor Hugo Essay1375 Words   |  6 PagesVictor Hugo believed that â€Å"Waterloo [was] not a battle [...but] a change of front on the part of the Universe.† Although Hugo’s phrasing is, at first glance, extreme, there is some truth to his words, for the Battle of Waterloo and its unexpected outcome significantly impacted the future of France and the rest of Europe and derailed the course of history. If any battle in history can be called a decisive battle, it is the Battle of Waterloo, which prematurely ended Napoleon Bonaparte’s Hundred DaysRead MoreHow Napoleon Was A Great Leader Who Led The French Empire750 Words   |  3 PagesKenny Stalowski CP World Cultures 10 Mr. Yeckel March 26, 2015 Rough Draft Napoleon Bonaparte was a great leader who led the French Empire, Got the French back into a good economic state after the revolution, and conquered most of Europe. As his power grew so did the French. The French were nearly unbeatable under his leadership. As a child he was also timid and lacked any sense of power. He read a lot on history and military campaigns. Although he was very smart in the art of war his sense ofRead MoreThe Battle Of Waterloo And Its Effect On Today s Artillery1482 Words   |  6 Pages The Battle of Waterloo and its Effect on Today’s Artillery SSG Aviles-Torres, SSG Blackburn, SSG Letalu, SSG Mageo, SSG Rodgers 13B40 001-18 Senior Leaders Course SFC Metz The Battle of Waterloo and its Effect on Today’s Artillery Napoleon Bonaparte, one of the world’s greatest military strategists, led the French at the Battle of Waterloo. During his time as a General, even in defeat, his tactics in the way he used artillery were beyond reproach. His successes and errors madeRead MoreNapoleons Return to France Essay1037 Words   |  5 PagesNapoleon returned to home to France with only about 10% of his Army still alive. He lost most of his soldiers during the Great White Death, which is one of the largest French disasters to date. Since all the coalition allies knew he was in trouble, they decided to follow him and take him out while he was down and burned out. This is when he decided to give himself up and be exiled to Elba with 1000 guards. Before he left though, he promised his men that he, â€Å"†¦ would return when the flowers bloomedRead MoreNapoleons Greed and Ambition Essay1376 Words   |  6 PagesNapoleon Bonaparte was historically not only the powerful invader but also the ambitio us king. Napoleon made various works that effected France and the other country significantly, conquering almost of countries in Europe. Almost people in France praised Napoleon when he won in any war or any invasion. From successful occupation, people started to consider Napoleon as a god of the war and large numbers of people followed his order. Napoleon seems as the greatest emperor in the world. However, Napoleon

Rhetorical Notes on A Modest Proposal free essay sample

A Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift Johnathan Swift writes this satirical proposal to prevent the children of poor people in Ireland from being a burden to their parents or the country and to make them beneficial to the public. Johnathan begins this proposal with a paragraph using violent and negative diction, using words such as beg, forced, fight, thieves, helpless. Because of the alarming and intriguing nature of these words, this negative/violent diction appeals to the readers emotions and makes us interested in reading the rest of the proposal. I think it is agreed by all the parties a hasty generalization.  fair, cheap, and easy three words that are very appealing to humans from any country, but it is satirical because it is not a fair, cheap, and easy thing to do, eating babies. professed beggar is something that is used many times in this passage. it is a sort of oxymoron because beggars only beg because they do not have a profession. We will write a custom essay sample on Rhetorical Notes on A Modest Proposal or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page this reminds the reader that beggars do make money as well. demand our charity charity isnt something that is normally demanded. Swift uses these two words together to make it seem like the government of ireland sees the begging as demanding.having turned my thoughts for many years upon this important subject this is very ironic, because he had been thinking about a solution to this problem for many years, and finally decides on eating babies, out of every other possible solution. this is where the humor begins in this proposal, given through the irony. johnathan swift compares a mother, who has just given birth to a child, to a dam, saying that the child may be supported by her milk for a solar year. this is intended to show how the government sees the people of Ireland equal to animals.again, johnathan swift portrays begging as a profession, saying lawful occupation of begging, a very humorous and satirical phrase. begging is not an actual occupation. people beg because they dont have occupations. feeding and partly to the clothing. Johnathan Swift begins introducing the idea and main point of his proposal: eating babies and using their skin for clothing. in the second paragraph on the second page he uses violent diction once again with words like abortions, horrid, murdering, bastard, tears, pity, savage, inhuman to appeal to the readers emotion.

Metamorphosis By Franz Kafka Essays (550 words) - Absurdist Fiction

Metamorphosis By Franz Kafka "When he lifted his head a little, he saw his vaulted brown belly, sectioned by arch-shaped ribs, to whose dome the cover, about to slide off completely, could barely cling. His many legs, pitifully thin compared with the size of the rest of him, were waving helplessly before his eyes." Gregor Samsa has gone through a metamorphosis. This change has turned Gregor into a "monstrous vermin". The anxieties, inner terrors, and cynicism, which fill Gregor's life, are expressed by Kafka throughout the novel, metamorphosis. Franz Kafka uses these feelings as an element of Expressionism to convey Gregor's attitudes towards his life and society. Examples depicting this element of Expressionism used in the novel are Gregor's feelings towards his job, the effect his job has on his family, and the cruelty that his family displays. The novel opens with Gregor in his monstrous state, late for work. He infers that his job as a traveling salesman is very consequential, yet he is growing tired and frustrated, "The upset of doing business is much worse than the actual business in the home office, and, besides, I've got the torture of traveling, worrying about changing trains, eating miserable food at all hours, constantly seeing new faces, no relationships that last or get more intimate. To the devil with it all!" Gregor has a great amount of fury towards his job, which eventually led to his anger towards society as a whole. The fact that his office manager showed up at Gregor's house plays an immense role in creating trepidation and anxieties in Gregor's mind. Gregor feels strangled by his job and is too weak to tolerate the pressure. In addition to the pressure created by his office manager and society, the Samsa's, especially Gregor's father, take advantage of him. Gregor earns the basic income to support his family. "But of course he actually could have paid off more of his father's debt to the boss with this extra money, and the clay on which he could have gotten rid of his job would have been much closer, but now things were undoubtedly better, the way his father had arranged them." The superficiality of the Samsa's has put Gregor in a difficult position, which is a component causing Gregor's metamorphosis. Gregor's family in general, had given him the attitude he has on life. They took advantage of him to the point where he was the means of the family's survival. After Gregor's metamorphosis, when he could no longer attend work, his family begins to treat him as the vermin he has become. They no longer consider him as a human being, or a member of their family. Gregor seemed to be waiting for his family to give up hope in him so he could end his life. "He thought back on his family with deep emotion and love. His conviction that he would have to disappear was, if possible, even firmer than his sister's." Following this quotation, Gregor Samsa commits suicide. He felt he was no longer needed, as a salesman, a son and brother, or a member of society. Were the anxieties, inner terrors, and cynicism of human life all factors expressing the metamorphosis of Gregor Samsa? Gregor died of a broken heart. His family and society had a major part in bringing Gregor to his final state. Kafka used Gregor's metamorphosis into a vermin as an allegory for Gregor's transformation in which he alienated himself from everything and most importantly, from himself.

How near are university researchers in resolving the cancer puzzle

How near are university researchers in resolving the cancer puzzle Hashtag: #DiaMundialcontraelCancer (World Day Against Cancer) Complete Cure for Cancer Multiple Diseases in One Along with 14 million cancer patients and in memory of 8.2 million people who died from the disease, humanity observed the 2015 #DiaMundialcontraelCancer or World Day Against Cancer asking the same unanswered question. Is there a complete cure for cancer? While the number of new cases according to WHO will rise to about 70% in the next few years, a complete cure for cancer remains an elusive dream. The reason is that cancer, unlike other diseases, is actually a large group of diseases that rapidly spread from the affected part to other organs of the human body. Knowledge about the causes and prevention of cancer is wide but still, after so many years of exhaustive study, researchers are still all at sea and cannot offer a complete cure for cancer. Early detection and treatment according to WHO increased the possibility of the cure, but with 8 million cancer-related deaths and estimated 70% rise in the number of new cancer cases over the next 2 years, these methods seems inadequate. The most probable reason is the fact that not all people, due to behavioral, economic, and other factors, is health conscious or be able to avail of cancer diagnostic services. Alternatively, cancer prevention or avoidance of physical (ultraviolet and ionizing radiation), chemical (asbestos, smoke from tobacco, etc), and biological (viruses, bacteria, etc.) carcinogens has more potential, but modification and avoidance of risk factors is another problem because it depends on age, individual lifestyle or status in life. A cure for cancer, therefore, is the most appropriate solution in reducing fatalities of this dreadful and life-damaging disease. Cancer Research Developments The institution of higher education such as universities and colleges around the world has cancer research facilities that consistently attempt to develop anti-cancer drugs. In particular, the University of Chicago Medicine Comprehensive Cancer Center or UCCCC and University of Edinburgh UK Cancer Research Centre are very active in developing a treatment for cancer. UCCCC in 2014 finally tested OTS964, an anti-cancer drug developed in almost a decade, in rats. Anti-cancer drugs developed by UCCC before can only suppress the growth of cancer cells but OTS964 effectively killed or eradicated T-lymphokine-activated killer cell, cancer cells believed responsible for tumor growth. UCCC is now preparing for phase 1 clinical trial for OTS964 and working to crack the code behind abnormal DNA sequence responsible for the reproduction of cancer cells and develop a drug for altered DNA. Researchers in University of Edinburgh UK Cancer Research Center are now ready to begin clinical trials of panRAF inhibitors, a new class of drugs targeting Src family kinases in melanoma ( the deadliest form of skin cancer) patients with BRAF inhibitors-resistant tumors. The drug is capable of halting the growth of faulty protein responsible for boosting the growth of melanomas. By targeting multiple signaling biological pathways simultaneously, panRAF inhibitors can eliminate drug-resistant cancer cells and restore the effectiveness of other cancer treatments. The development of these promising anti-cancer drugs and implementation of pioneering techniques in cancer treatment research suggest that academic researchers are years away from discovering the ultimate cure for cancer. However, since researchers already discovered the weak points of killer cancer cells and technology is rapidly advancing, it will be sooner than expected.

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Summary - Essay Example The chapter addresses the ambiguous nature of the behaviors of basking sharks. Wells points out that very few facts are known about the basking sharks, which makes it almost impossible to come up with ways to preserve it. It is among the most sought fish species to an extent that it has been declared as an endangered species yet its mating and breeding habits are mysterious. This has made it almost impossible for zoologists to protect their young ones artificially. Irrespective of its large size, the basking shark has not been able to escape from the human impacts. It is quite unclear why the basking sharks choose to stay close to the water surface where planktons are minimal. Additionally this behavior exposes them to the danger of being fished. Though there have been regulations set to regulate the fishing of basking shark, it becomes impossible to avoid trapping the off springs of basking shark since it is hard to tell their whereabouts. However, Wells criticizes the enthusiasm wi th which humans harpoon the endangered species whenever they can. The mating habits of the basking sharks and their behaviors are incomprehensible to many. Even to the marine zoologists know too little to compile a history of this organism. One of the least understood behavior is the migration of the basking sharks to the bottom of the ocean during winter. ... Unlike other types of fish where age can be predicted by observing the scales, sharks have no scales. Vital information such as the rate of reproduction amongst the basking sharks remains unknown. Irrespective of the fact that basking sharks are often harpooned or netted, it is almost impossible to capture a pregnant female. According to Wells (76) the only pregnant female that has ever been captured, in 1936, gave birth to five living young ones ascertaining that basking sharks are viviparous like other sharks. This is quite strange and makes it hard to determine the growth rate of basking sharks. The ratio of males to females is unknown in addition to the unknown mating habits. It is hard to contemplate of an organism considered the second largest fish that is often harpooned, yet so little is known about it. The attempts made to track the movements of basking sharks to see if it could help reveal a little about their life history were unsuccessful. Wells attributes this to the unw illingness of any authorities to fund the operations. This is because most people view conservative efforts as irrelevant. Since animals migrate freely across territorial and economic boundaries, it becomes nobody’s business to ensure that they are protected. The same individual who do so little to protect the endangered species end up being the beneficiaries of the over exploitative fishing behaviors exhibited towards the species. Zoologists who are concerned with the welfare of animal species have little say particularly on issues regarding fishing of sharks for economic gain. Their efforts to give advice on measures that can be taken to protect endangered species are ignored by those who fear that

Prayer in Islam Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Prayer in Islam - Research Paper Example Prayer is that spiritual communication to God or an object that is being worshiped, it is making a petition to God, an object of worship or a god. Prayer has different meanings and practices around the world where there is the use of postures like kneeling, walking and bowing the head which is seen as a way of showing devotion. In some places prayer involves asking for forgiveness, praise and worship and thanks giving. Some religions have a certain or standard way of praying, for example, the Lord’s Prayer which is often said by a group of worshipers. Islam is based on the five pillars which are the foundation of the Islamic life. The first pillar is the I-man or faith where Muslims believe in the oneness of Allah and that Muhammad is his messenger. This declaration or Shahada is the believe that serving and obeying Allah is the only purpose one has in their life and this is normally achieved through the teachings and practices of Prophet Muhammad. Prayer is the second pillar which involves declaring a testimony of faith. Prayer in Muslim is seen to be important since it is a way of worshiping and establishing a close relationship with Allah who is the creator. It is seen as way of acknowledgement ones weakness and need to ask for Devine grace, forgiveness, mercy and abundance which is believed to be of interest to every Muslim. Prayer in Islam is referred to as Salat and is believed to have been made a mandatory obligation by Allah for every Muslim to follow it as per the Hadith where Prophet Muhammad was asked, â€Å"which of the actions is best?† ... ayer is also believed to be able to prevent one from all immoral or sinful deeds and strengthens the relationship and bond between Muslims, that bond of unity and love. Prayer breaks all differences that exist among Muslims because every individual prays at the same time, facing the same direction and this can also be seen when all Muslims gather together in Mosques to pray and listen to sermons. Prayer involves certain body movement while reciting passages of the Quran and consists of defined movements and recitations of passages of the Quran. For the Muslim community prayers can be done in any place that is considered to be clean; however, it is believed that prayers done from a mosque will bring 27 times more blessings. Muslims believe that when one begins a prayer session, they should not stop until they are through but there is an exception, for example, in a situation where a woman sees her child in danger, she can save her child while reciting the prayer as per the teachings o f the Quran [2:239] "Under unusual circumstances, one may pray while walking or even riding. Once one is safe, one shall commemorate God as He taught them what they never knew."    There are several pre-requisites to make a prayer valid which include; the prayer time where prayers have to be during the specific times of the day. Mosques normally help the congregation note the prayer time through the Adan or call to prayer which translates to; God is the greatest (x 3) I confirm that there is no one worthy of worship except God (x2) I testify that Prophet Muhammad is the messenger of God (x2) Come for prayer (x2) Come for success (x2) God is the greatest (x2) there is no one worthy of worship except God. Pre-requisites in making a prayer valid also include the purification rituals or Taharah